Ernst fleisciil yon marxow



(N Model.)

E. F. VON IVIARXOW. HEMOGLOBINOMETER Patented Nov. 23,11886.

NHE STATES ATENT man ERNST FLEISCHL VONAIARXO\V, OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.-

ElEMOGLOBINMETER.

SPECIPICATION forming p.rl: of Letters Patent N0. 353.098, dated November 23, 1886,

Applicntion file l )lil}' 29, 1985.

15,1885, N0. GE,HSO; in "ngland May 15, 1" in Italy June 30,1535, XIX, 15,3158,XXX\

Serial 350.107,06? (N0 moflel.) Iatented in Frzune Mn 15, 1885, Nu. 168.929; in Belgium May 5, N0. 5,991; in Germany Mny16, 1885, N0. 33408; in Cnnaala June 9, 1885,1\*0.21,841; I 247, anrl in Austrln-Hungnry July 30, 188.), N0.17266 und N0. 39,522

a 68 929 113186, l\m man; 1.3 1 Belginnr,

N0. 68,880, dated May 15, 1.385; in Italy,

Nos. dated Jnne 30, 1885 in England,

N0. 9l,dated Mary 15, 1885, and in Czrnade, N0. 2l8ildated June 9,1885 andI do hereby declare be following t0 be a fnll; clear, and exaet description 0f the invention, such as Will enable others skilled in-the arl; t which it appertains to make and nse l:l1e same, reference being had to tl1e accompanying drawings, and to letters 0r figures 0f referencemarked thereon, whicl1 f0rn1 a pur-t: 0f tl1is speeificatlon.

This invention consists in a. method of ascertaining the relative 0r quantitative prpor- Tion of hzemoglobin in blo0d.

The invenbion further c0nsists in a mede 0f preparing Standard glasses lor comparisonby means 0l which tlreuhove process may be ca.rried into practiczrl effect; und,lustlytheinvention consists in an apparatus l'or convenient use in facilitating the currying int0 practical effeclb 0f both the above methods,substantially as hereinal'tcr le0ribed, und as specificzrlly p0inle(l mm in the clzri1'ns.

The meth0(l 0f ascertaining the quantity of .h1ernoglobin contuinod in blood is bzrsed 1 1p0n colorixnetric princlples-tlrut is t0 say, by Ehe comparism 0f the color of a volurne ot blood 01 l')l00d solullon witlr tlmt 01 u plzrte ofglass of lre corresponding C0101:

lt; is 21 wellestablished faul:- tlmt the impression prodnced l ya lnminous ray upon tl1e human eye depen ls 011 the nature and number of colorerlmolecules through which' the ruy of light liilfi before reachi ng tbe eye, Whlle berein, we have 8CSjlilndiu}d t0 940 by.

be nnmber und distribubion 01' bl1e col0rless moleenles exert n0 inlluence wlmtever. A given quantiby or v0lu1ne of l)l'ood contuined in a vessel providerl witlr a transparent bottorn1 and verticul sides Will obviously pfesen1; the Same tlnt 01 tone 0f C0101, whatever the extenb 0f dilution 0f the blood nmy, be, wheu {the 0bserver looks through the liquid in the. direeti0n 0f zrsource 0f light plaeed in th e axis of the Vessel, bhe visnal ray being at right angles to the surl'ace 0f the solution and to lhe transparent b0ttom 0f the vessel. The inbensiby of the color 0f tahe blood Solutaion depends nob nf Ehe solution, orif I m2ry so express myself, the nhiekness of the layers or strata thereof through which Ehe light is Caused to pass. This is preeisely the ease With 21 Plate of uniformly-colored glass, ancl for Ehe purposes described I employ the so-called trne ruby glass, as in mosl: nearly resernbles blood; hence in will be oovious that if we take a given solution et blood in wate r for instance, bobh quantitatively, and plaee tl1e szune in a vessel, and. zrserlrain Ehe depth 0f tl1e lnyer If DOW, we take plates 0f 1*uby glass of uniform color an l varying thieknes snd compare thegl with the solution unbil wel-find a thickness in tl1e glass plate the colorof.which Will exactly 001;-

respond wibh the bloodsolutionand 111211k hhe same,we have astandam' nnit, and if this [mit indicates lzhe normal ameunt 0r volume of hnemoglobinin blood, fraebions of this may readily be aseertained, as Will presently appear. Upon thes6'principles my processes are based.

The f-uilure of all attemptsheret0fm"e made to ascertuin colorimebrically ll6 proportion 0f lwexnoglubin in blood by means 0f so invariable an agent i1s suitably-colored glass 1 have found to De due t0 alle following phenomena of absorption 0f light by a blood s0 lntiun and by' the glass. Wtren two substances of the saure color are t0 be eompared eolorinmtrically, it is not only neccssary lahatz.-uheir tl1i eknel%s (er (lcgr:e utt ranspzz-rencyj shonld be alike; bat on mnltiplyingthqir fihieknees in equal ratio their oolor should rernain the same. It is.therefore essential (hat their *properties of absorption f the rays of light shonld remain the Same under the Same conditions. This, however, is not the ease With blond and the glass mostly resembling itnamely trueruby glass. Although their properties of absorption, so far as the production of the Stokes 1ines or bands in the blo od speotrun1 is coucerned, ate thesz1me, yet these' conditions are not the Same With the violet rays, (between' the lineis Gandfiofthesolar spectrnm.) If,forexample, a. comparison' iS 'n1ade between a Solution of bl-ood of a givtndepth or thickness and a glass platze ofpreoisely the Same color as thesolution, it will be obserVed that on douloling the thickness of the blood solntion the ratio of absorption of the violet rays relatively to the gr'een rays undergoes ohanges,while the changes in.

the ratio of absorption of the violet rays relatively to the green raysby the glass plate are not the saime when the thickness of the 1atter iS correspondingly increased. T his ditfieulty I efl'ectually overcome by ooclnding the violet rays from the light passed through both the glass and the blood solution, and this I accomplish in a most simple manner by using a ye1low light, such as that obtained from a lamp, candle, or from gas, for the oolorimetrio the Same a're bronght within view Side by Side; and upon this faoulty is based' the principle ofoperation of my apparatus. Under 000111- sion of the violet rays of lightwhen a sol'ution '0f blood xnd a ruby-glass plate of the Same thicknes are brought into juxtaposition and light allowed to pass through both simultaneously, the observer niay readily detect the difference in their intensity of color. If therefore, a ruby glass is compared with asolution of blood containing a normal proportion 0f haemoglobin and the thiokness of the platze in-' creased or diminished until the two am of identical1y the same 0010i, a Standard glass plate is obtained, which may th.en be graduated to indicate various proportions of bmmoglobin in the blood by a varying intensity of oo1or, and this constitutes the basis of n1y method and the means for obtaining or prepaiing the standard plates of eomparison. The latt er I obtain in the followingmanner, referringto the accompanying drawings, in whioh- Figure 1 Shows, by an isometrical viow, (in

' 10W it. -'into two equal compartments, b b, by a. parwhich portions of. the table are broken away to Show underlying parts,) an apparatus coustructed according to my invention. Fig. 2 is a sectional elevation of the Same. Figs. 3 and 4 are top and longitudinal seotional views of the ruby:glass plate.

Aindicates the Stand eomposed of a standard, A, and suitable feet, A, from which all the parts of the apparatus are support'ed.

Near the upper end of the Standard A, and passing through the san1e, iS a'shaft, s, that carries at one end a pinion, e, and ab its oppo- Site end a thumb-nut o r button, f. T0 the upper endof the Standard is secured a table, a, in which is formeda round openinga, and on opposite edges of said opening are Secured groov'ed gnides a in which slides a colorless plate of glass, *c, which maj thns be moved in or otto Cover o1 uneover the opening a in the Iable. On its nder Side the table a iS provided with g'uides g and g. In the latter guide slides a carriage, d, that has a depending flange, d, in whioh are formed teeth that mesh with the pinion e n shaft s, so that when the said shaft is rotated in one or the other directioi1 by means of the -thumb-nutf the Carriage will be moved in one or the other direetion beloW-th6 table a. T0 thiS carriage iS seoured the ruby-glass platze at one edge, and

whioh, for the purpose of obtaining astandard plate, is prepared as follows: A platze of ruby glassground 'smooth and polishedis proferably first oemen'ted to a plate, i, of oolorless glassof the Same dimensions, and'the upper faoe Of the plate histhen grdund in the form of a wedge and polished. The ruby glass may then be removed from its baoking'of colorless glass and fitted or oemented tothe oarriage d.

- In practice, owing tothe fragility ofthe w edgeshaped plate of glass, I prefer to leave it adhering to the backing-p'late of oolorless glass i, in which oase it shonld be cemented thereto b wenn of acolorless oernent or Canad'a trpentine. The Width of the plates hz' 1'S such. that when thoy are .cemented along one edge to the carriage d their opposite edge will not Only bear against the guid es g, but will also bisect the opening a in table a, for purposes presently explatined.

It1's obvions that by the described means any point of the edge of the ruby-glass wedge may be brought under one-half of the opening a, and the thiokness of the part brought under. said opening varied from zero ab the attenuated edge t0 maximum at the termination of the incline. 4

T0 the glass p1ate c, at a point so that it Will {exactly Come overthe openiug a, is secured by a oolorless cement a receptacle, preferably a portion of.a glass tobe, of a given ca;iaeity and of the Same dian]etor as the opening a be- This eylindrileal vessel b is divided -tition b, also of glass or other prelerred and suitable material.

. ume ot' pure water and place a yellow ligh in such a position that it; will be reflected by the refieetor l; and projer:fed through both compartmentsb". 'lheobse-rver, looking throngh both compartments, moves the wedge u ntil Ehe 00101 of the Iatter 1's Seen to he like thatof the blood solution. 'lhis being found, the wedge or the carriage rZ is ma-rked, there being an opening, Z, in table a for this purpose. 'lhis Operation is repeated Witl1 blood taken from differenb persons in the same conditions, and iffound that; the pointofthickness 0f the wedge previonsly mnrked is in every instance the same, in may be Considered as the normal proportional unit ofihzen1oglobinin human b1ood, and may be indiated l y 100, fdr instmnoe, 01, as I prefer, by one eenti1neter. By experienee I have found that this fach is established when blood 1's taken from streng healrhy men' of about the age given, the volumeof hzemoglobin having heenfound the samein euch sample of blood. 'lhe spaee beween be unib-mark on the wedge and the attenuated edge of the latter 1's then dividedinto millirneters, euch rep resenting a fraction of the'qnantitative unit. Thus, for iustanoe, 9"'" nextto theunit-mark wonld indieate ninety per cenb.; 8", eighty per cent., &e. f10n1 t-he desm*ibud standard wedge other wedges, and 1'1'0n1 these he relative proportion of hrnmoglobin in blood may be readily aseertai und by com'parison, as above deecribed,

the degree of'solution of the blood and the vol nme o1 depth 0ftho Solntion and water in comparlzments b' Z)" of' vessel' b being known.

II; is obvions tha-t in 13he reproduction 0f wedges [vom Ehe standard wedge all such as are rnade of the same change of glass will bejfound of uniform C0101, und may Lherefore be cut, grooved, and markedby thestandard plate. If, however, there is a difference in the color of be glass and the standard.plate as usually happens when oho glass is fi-om differenb changes'or meetings, then a plate 0f the ro quired dimensions 115 simply brought nnder the eye in the apparatus, together with the standard plate, b0th compartments of the ves se1 b being filled with water. The glass plate is firsl: ground down 110 bhe form 0f a wedge, and then moved along under the compartment: b" of vessel b until a 3hiekness is f011nd that will give tho same intenSity of color as thab 01' the Standard wedge. 'Ihe new wedge is then 1narked and the space between the n'1ark und the attenuated edge dividod into ten equal parts.

In will thus be easy to obtain Instead of nsing .011e centixnet-er fo1 unit, ten centin1eters may be haken for unib t0 give the wedge a greater range of nse, and these 1nay be divided into one hnndred n1illimeters.

\Vhen the co'lorimetric unit has been found by oomparison either with a blood solution or with a standard wedge, ib w ill then 0nly be neeessary to 1ny off ten equal part-s 011 one 0x the 0thexside ot' the unit-mark und ben grind down to a wedge from the unib to the Iast division, in order to obtain ano ther wedge of comparison from t he standard wedge.

In will of course not be necessary 130 describe the 1node of asoertaining the proporbion of hnemoglobinin blood, as this will be readily understood 1'1'01n what: has beergsaid above, as 1b is obvious that the wedge Will have to be brought to a position when a given thickness thereof will correspond in intensity o1 color 130 tha-t of the blood solntion under exaxnination, and the mark 011 saidwedge 0: on the carriage (l will indicat@ the proportion of hzemoglobin in the blood.

Having now dcscribed my invention,what I claim is 1. The herein-deseribed mode of obtaining standard units er" comparison, which consists in ascertaining tlxe thickness of a p1ate of ruby glass that; eorresponds in intensity of (30101 with that; of blond containing a normal proportion of hzemoglobin or a solution of such blood by compar'xson under ocelusion of violet rays of light, then grinding the plate from theunit-mark to one extreme 01 end 0f said plate in the form of a wedge, the thickness 0f whieh is zero ab the attenuated edge, and subdividing the inolined snrface into equal spaces, es ar'1d for the pnrpose specified.

2. The 1node of preparing wedges of comparison from standard wedges, which coniss in grinding a plate of ruby glass to present an inclined surface, und. ascertaining t-he nnib standard by colorimetrio comparison of the va pious thieknesses 'of the plate with the nnib thioknessof the Standard wedge unbi1 a thickness 1's found that in intensity of color will correspond wibh thab of the unit of thickness in the tandard wedge, und marking be" same 0n the plateand finishing the latter to correspond with 01 proportionate1ywith the Standard wedge, as described.

3 A plate 1'or oolorimetrie oomparison in h-mnoglobinometers, consisting of a r'uby or bloodeolored transparent piate, the intensity 0f the eolor 01 wh ieh gradually decrcases from a unit 01 Standard intensity 0f 00101, and whieh plate is provided w.ith graduations oorresponding with Ehe variations in the intensity of its color subst-antially es and for the pnrpose specified.

-;1. The eombination, with the wedge-shaped rnbyglass plate k, provided with a scale indieating degrees of transpareney, of a colorlessglass baoking, as dosoribed.

5. In an apparatus for determining Ehe V01- nme of hzemoglobin in 'blood by colorimetric IOO IIO

measurement, Which consists of a vessel di- In testimony whereof I affix iny signatnre in m videddnto two chambers having a transparent prcsence 0f tw0 witnesses.. bottom, a wedge-shaped p]ate 0f ruby glass adapted to be moved ba ckward and forwnrd ERNST FLEISCHL VON MARXOW. under one of the c0mpartments 0f the vessel v and a reflector for projeeting light-from below \Vitnesses:

through both compartments und throngh the VICTOR KARMIN,

ruby-glass; plante, as described, for the pnrpose J muss RILEY \VEAVER.

specified. g 

